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Fig. 10.10. Response variation with size and viewpoint. The three-dot training pattern of HLISSOM matches most closely a particular size and an upright frontal view. However, the model also responds to a range of other sizes (a-e) and viewpoints (f-i). The model activation is again displayed as in Figures 10.6–10.9. In the viewpoint experiment, the correct FSA location responded to 88% of the set of 150 images consisting equally of front, left, right, up, and down views. Most of these viewpoints result in similar responses, although 100% of the faces looking upward were detected correctly and only 80% of those looking downward were. Overall, HLISSOM predicts that newborns will respond to real faces even with moderate variation of sizes and viewpoints. Photographs copyright 1995 by University of Bern (Achermann 1995).