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Fig. 7.3. Measuring perceived orientation as vector sum. The activations and orientations of three neurons are shown as vectors (solid lines). The angle of each vector is twice the orientation preference of that neuron, in order to make the vector orientation for 0^o and 180^o identical. The magnitude of each vector represents the activation level, to ensure that the encoding primarily reflects those neurons that are most active. The sum of these vectors is shown as a dashed line. The perceived orientation is half of the angle of the dashed vector.